sabato 20 ottobre 2007

Le vene aperte dell'America Latina

Da un po' di tempo giro (e scrivo, ma davvero pochissimo perchè sebbene trattino di molti argomenti che mi interessano parecchio devo riconoscere di saperne ancora poco) sul forum di Tiziano Terzani. Nella stanza dei libri (e dove altro potevo andare io?) ho trovato un paio di titoli che mi hanno incuriosito. E come al solito, sono andata a cercare in biblioteca e mi sono portata a casa da leggere "Le vene aperte dell'America Latina" di Eduardo Galeano.
Di cosa si parla? In questo libro ha descritto con passione e idealismo, ma anche tanto rigore di documenti, il processo di spoliazione e sfruttamento dell’America Latina: da parte dei conquistadores, prima, e poi da parte delle industrie europee e nordamericane. “Così lontani da Dio e così vicini agli Stati Uniti”, dice un detto messicano; e, in effetti, il paese a stelle e strisce ha sempre considerato la parte sud del suo emisfero come il “cortile di casa”, stroncando sul nascere qualsiasi forma di indipendenza o autodeterminazione minacciasse di attecchire, di fatto oltre che nome, negli Stati latino-americani.
Prima degli Usa, furono le potenze coloniali, l’Inghilterra in testa, a tenere la regione nel suo sottosviluppo. Quando non furono le truppe straniere a intervenire direttamente, ci pensarono gli stessi Stati sudamericani a schierarsi l’uno contro l’altro, come dimostra la guerra ottocentesca che la cosidetta Triplice Alleanza - Brasile, Argentina ed Uruguay - mosse al Paraguay, unico Stato della regione, all’epoca, a vantare uno sviluppo industriale e un’alfabetizzazione capillare, successi ottenuti grazie anche ad una politica protezionistica che andava contro gli interessi dei mercanti inglesi. I quali finanziarono la guerra e, quando il Paraguay fu ridotto a un mucchietto di macerie, vennero a riscuotere il conto dai vincitori.
Cambiano i nomi, cambiano le facce, sembra dire Galeano, ma alla fine nulla cambia; gli emissari del Fondo Monetario Internazionale impongono le loro politiche liberistiche che aggravano la già drammatica situazione di questi Paesi; la schiavitù per debiti ancora esiste spesso e volentieri, anche se è ufficialmente fuorilegge; le industrie locali devono dipendere mani e piedi dalle innovazioni tecnologiche provenienti dall’estero. Di tutta la ricchezza prodotta dai minerali e dalle materie prime di cui è piena la regione, alla stragrande maggioranza della popolazione, resta in mano poco più di niente.
In poche parole, come dice lo stesso autore nella parte introduttiva del libro, "paesi specializzati a guadagnare e paesi specializzati nel rimetterci".
Questa è una lettura che mi sta appassionando davvero tanto. In primo luogo perchè ho da molto tempo un interesse particolare per i Paesi di quest'area e cerco di approfondire la mia conoscenza su di loro. Inoltre, ci si rende conto di quanto poco si sa (ma io per prima so di essere *ignorante* in materia) sulla storia di questa parte del Mondo e di come facciamo praticamente finta, per la maggior parte del tempo, che non esista.
Cercando informazioni su di lui ho trovato quanto segue: interessantissimo... ce ne fossero di penne così in Italia!!
Articoli:
- Il pianeta dei paradossi
- Iraq. Ma in nome di chi?
- Crimini da studio
- Il sesso degli angeli uguali
- Cattive abitudini
- Una guerra proverbiale
Questa è la pagina (in spagnolo) di Eduardo Galeano dove è possibile leggere articoli e interviste dal 2001 al 2004 e qui (sempre in spagnolo) la pagina ufficiale.

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